PTE REORDER THE PARAGRAPH-------2

 Test 2:

Reorder paragraph

One:

1. Cattle can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar animals of the same species (conspecifics).

2. Although cattle can discriminate between humans by their faces alone, they also use other cues such as the color of clothes when these are available.

3. Calves can also discriminate between humans based on previous experience, as shown by approaching those who handled them positively and avoiding those who handled them aversively.

4. They are also able to discriminate between familiar individuals, and among humans.

5. Studies show they behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals when they are forming a new group.

Two:

1. They are known to have inhabited the Great Plains for thousands of years, over 15,000 years ago.

2. Eastern portions of the Great Plains were inhabited by tribes who lived in semipermanent villages of earth lodges, such as the Arikara, Mandan, Pawnee and Wichita

3. Historically the Great Plains were the range of the bison and of the culture of the Plains Indians, whose tribes included the Blackfoot, Crow, Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, Comanche, and others.

4. The first Americans (Paleo-Indians) who arrived to the Great Plains were successive indigenous cultures.

5. Humans entered the North American continent in waves of migration, mostly over Beringia, the Bering Straits land bridge.

 

Three:

1. The retinal circulation, on the other hand, supplies the inner layer of the retina.

2. The central arteriole and venula bifurcate several times and arteriolar and venular branches run mostly in parallel with some crossovers.

3. There are two circulations, both supplied by the ophthalmic artery

4. It passes with the optic nerve as a branch of the ophthalmic artery called the central artery of the retina.

5. The uveal circulation consists of arteries entering the globe outside the optic nerve, these supply the uvea and outer and middle layers of the retina.

Four:

1. Mass-movement processes are always occurring continuously on all slopes; some mass-movement processes act very slowly; others occur very suddenly, often with disastrous results.

2. It moves material from higher elevations to lower elevations where other eroding agents such as streams and glaciers can then pick up the material and move it to even lower elevations.

3. However, landslides can be classified in a much more detailed way that reflects the mechanisms responsible for the movement and the velocity at which the movement occurs.

4. Any perceptible down-slope movement of rock or sediment is often referred to in general terms as a landslide.

5. Mass movement is an important part of the erosional process, and is often the first stage in the breakdown and transport of weathered materials in mountainous areas.

Five:

1. It would also make it illegal for insurers to drop sick people or deny them coverage for pre-existing conditions, and require every American to carry health coverage.

2. His proposal was to spend $900 billion over 10 years and include a government insurance plan, also known as the public option, to compete with the corporate insurance sector as a main component to lowering costs and improving quality of health care.

3. The plan also includes medical spending cuts and taxes on insurance companies that offer expensive plans

4. He proposed an expansion of health insurance coverage to cover the uninsured, to cap premium increases, and to allow people to retain their coverage when they leave or change jobs.

5. Obama called for Congress to pass legislation reforming health care in the United States, a key campaign promises and a top legislative goal.

Six:

[A]. The new group took up rather a militant attitude against other castes, especially those which were popularly regarded as immediately higher or lower than the caste which it represented.

[B]. The sub–castes that joined together to create a big group retained their internal feelings of exclusiveness with undiminishing vigour.

[C]. Taking another point of view, that castes should be slowly abolished by consolidation of the sub–castes into larger castes, scholars have said that to propose this point is to miss the real problem.

[D]. Thus, scholars claimed that the spirit of caste patriotism or casteism is created; and diminishing of casteism would be very difficult and it would create an unhealthy atmosphere for the full growth of national consciousness.

[E]. This method, they claim, was tried in Bombay for a number of decades but the results were disastrous.

Seven:

1. As manufacturing continues to shrink in an economy, overall growth will increasingly depend on boosting productivity in services.

2. Policy should therefore focus on removing obstacles (such as trade barriers and regulation), to such productivity growth, and creating a labor market in which workers can move freely from factory employment to services.

3. Protection and subsidies push just the wrong way.

4. But those who would tackle this by subsidies or trade barriers are missing the point.

5. De-industrialization causes problems in economies unable to absorb the workers released by manufacturing

 Eight:

[A]. Capitalists are able to purchase labour power from the workers, who can only bring their own labour power in the market.

[B]. This is what Marx meant by “surplus value”, which he saw as “an exact expression for the degree of exploitation of labor-power by capital, or of the laborer by the capitalist”.

[C]. Value is determined by a good’s particular utility for an actor, if the good results from the human activity it must be understood as a product of concrete labour, qualitatively defined labour.

[D]. In a capitalist economy, workers are paid according to this value and value is the source of all wealth.

[E]. Once capitalists are able to pay the worker less than the value produced by their labour, surplus labour forms and this results in the capitalists’ profits.

Nine:

[A]. Post offices and public sector banks could supplement micro-credit institutions in this regard.

[B]. They are trusted institutions, and have already built-up credit and savings channels for the poor.

[C]. In a recent paper, Wouter Van Ginneken of the International Labor Organization has argued that micro-finance institutions could play an important role in providing social security.

[D]. To overcome this weakness, Ginneken suggests that micro-credit organizations should outsource the insurance part of their business.

[E]. But one problem is that most micro-credit institutions are small and lack expertise in the insurance business.

Ten:

[A]. Besides this physical appearance, I couldn’t even blow up a balloon without holding my nose, and when 1 bent to drink from a fountain, the water spilled out of my nose.

[B]. When my schoolmates asked, “What happened to your lip?’ I’d tell them that I’d tell them that I’d fallen as a baby and cut it on a piece of glass.

[C]. Somehow it seemed more acceptable to have suffered an accident than to have been born different.

[D]. They saw me as a little girl with a broken lip, crooked nose, lopsided teeth, and hollow and somewhat slurred speech.

[E]. This was because I was born with a cleft palate, and when I started to go to school, my classmates, who were constantly teasing, made it clear to me how I must look to others.

[F]. At a very young age, I knew was different and I hated it.

Eleven:

[A]. Around 1200 AD Tahitian explorers found and began settling the Hawaii area as well.

[B]. Within five years of contact, European military technology would help Kamehameha I conquer most of the people, and eventually unify the islands for the first time; establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii.

[C]. Native development in Hawaii begins with the settlement of Polynesians between 1st century to 10th century.

[D]. This became the rise of the Hawaiian civilization and would be separated from the rest of the world for another 500 years until the arrival of the British.

[E]. Europeans under the British explorer Captain James Cook arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778.

Twelve:

[A]. So, at least one of the basic assumptions must be wrong.

[B]. Olbers’ Paradox simple assumptions lead ‘inevitably to the conclusion that the sky should be bright, but in fact the sky is dark’.

[C]. You can’t get around it by acknowledging that the Milky Way Galaxy is just an island in space, so that we run out of stars to count at the edge of our galaxy.

[D]. There is a technique of argument called reduction ad absurdum, which depends on starting out from some basic assumption and reaching a clearly ridiculous conclusion.

[E]. That establishes beyond doubt that the initial assumption was wrong.

Thirteen:

[D]. There are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession.

[A]. But this significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities caused a shrinking of the money supply.

[C]. This greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.

[B]. Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms.

 

 

Fourteen:

[1]. But it was a chance stumbling upon a run-down, yet functional, laboratory in his late grandfather’s home that solidified the young man’s enthusiasm for chemistry.

[2]. His talent and devotion to the subject were perceived by his teacher.

[3]. As a student at the City of London School, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemistry.

[4]. As a boy, Perkin’s curiosity prompted early interests in the science, arts, photography and engineering.

[5]. William Henry Perkin was born in London, England.

 

Fifteen:

[A]. The American Civil War was fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States.

[C]. War broke out in April 1861 after a long-standing controversy over slavery and state’s rights, when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after Abraham Lincoln was elected.

[D]. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution.

[B]. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America advocating states’ rights to perpetual slavery and its expansion in the Americas.

 

Sixteen:

[A]. A perfect voice speaks so directly to the soul of the hearer that all appearance of artfully prepared effect is absent.

[B]. Every tone sung by a consummate vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely and spontaneously.

[C]. There is no evidence of calculation, of carefully directed effort, of attention to the workings of the voice, in the tones of a perfect singer.

[D]. Yet if the accepted idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance of spontaneity in the use of the voice can result only from careful and incessant attention to mechanical rules.

[E]. In no other form of expression do art and nature seem so closely identified as in the art of singing.

 

Seventeen:

[A]. The purpose of the study was to determine whether penicillin could prevent, not just cure, syphilis infection. Some of those who became infected never received medical treatment.

[B]. In 2010, President Barack Obama and other federal officials apologized for U.S sponsored the medical study, conducted decades earlier in Guatemala.

[C]. The results of the study, which took place with the cooperation of Guatemalan government officials, never were published.

[D]. In that study, from 1946 to 1948, nearly 700 men and women—prisoners, soldiers, mental patients—were intentionally infected with syphilis (hundreds of more people were exposed to other sexually transmitted diseases as part of the study) without their knowledge or consent.

 

Eighteen:

[A]. Although there is not yet a cure for the illness, there may be hope for a cure with a protein called nerve growth factor.

[B]. Alzheimer’s disease impairs a person’s ability to recall memories, both distant memories and memories as recent as a few hours before.

[C]. Using a group of rats with impaired memory, the scientists gave half of the rats doses of nerve growth factor while giving the other half a blood protein as a placebo, thus creating a control group.

[D]. Based on this relationship, scientists from the University of Landon in Sweden and the University of California at San Diego designed an experiment to test whether doses of nerve growth factor could reverse the effects of memory loss caused by Alzheimer’s.

[E]. The protein is produced by nerve cells in the same region of the brain where Alzheimer’s occurs.

Nineteen:

[A]. Thus, direct calorimetry would give systematic overestimates of the amount of fuel that actually enters the blood through digestion.

[B]. However, the values given on food labels are not determined in this way.

[C]. The reason for this is that direct calorimetry also burns the dietary fiber, and so does not allow for fecal losses.

[D]. The amount of food energy associated with a particular food could be measured by completely burning the dried food in a bomb calorimeter, a method known as direct calorimetry.

 

Twenty:

[A]. My father narrated to me that he witnessed the farewell Hajj with the Messenger of Allah.

[B]. He mentioned a story in his narration and he (the Prophet) said: “And indeed I order you to be good to the women, for they are but captives with you over whom you have no power than that, except if they come with manifest Fahishah (evil behavior).

[C]. And if they obey you then you have no cause against them.

[D]. If they do that, then abandon their beds and beat them with a beating that is not harmful.

[E]. So, he thanked and praised Allah and he reminded and gave admonition.

 

Twenty-one:

A) We can never leave off wondering how that which has ever been should cease to be.

B) As we advance in life, we acquire a keener sense of the value of time.

C) Nothing else, indeed, seems to be of any consequence; and we become misers in this sense.

D) We try arrest its few last tottering steps, and to make it linger on the brink of the grave.

 

Twenty-two:

A) Per these factors, Pizza Hut was warned that Chinese consumers would not eat pizza.

B) Prior to establishing restaurants in China, Pizza Hut management was told by experts that many Chinese consumers do not like cheese and may not be able to digest it.

C) In response to this, Pizza Hut modified their pizza recipes, using less tomato sauce and cheese and including indigenous ingredients that were agreeable to Chinese consumers.

D) The company’s management was also informed that tomato is not a culinary ingredient in China.

E) The company also created new pizzas for the Chinese market.

Twenty-three:

A) The local people maintain their ancestral traditions and continue to cultivate the pre-Inca stepped terraces.

B) With a depth of 10,725 ft (3,270 m), it is one of the deepest in the world, twice as deep as the Grand Canyon in the United States.

C) Colca Canyon is a canyon of the Colca River in southern Peru, located about 100 miles (160 kilometres) northwest of Arequipa.

D) It is Peru’s third most-visited tourist destination with about 120,000 visitors annually.

E) The Colca Valley is a colourful Andean valley with pre-Inca roots, and towns founded in Spanish colonial times, st inhabited by people of the Collagua and the Cabana cultures.

 

Twenty-four:

A) The ‘ASEAN Way” refers to a methodology or approach to solving issues that respect the cultural norms of Southeast Asia.

B) Decision making by consensus requires members to see eye-to-eye before ASEAN can move forward on an issue.

C) Critics object claiming that the ASEAN Way’s emphasis on consultation forces the organization to adopt only those policies which satisfy the lowest common denominator.

D) However, critics have argued that such an approach can be only applied to Asian countries due to a difference in mindset and level of tension.

E) It has been said that the merits of the ASEAN Way might “be usefully applied to global conflict management”

 

Twenty-five:

A) National flags are patriotic symbols with varied wide-ranging interpretations.

B) A flag is a piece of fabric with a distinctive design that is used as a symbol, as a signalling device, or as decoration.

C) Flags are also used in messaging, advertising, or for other decorative purposes.

D) These often include strong military associations due to their original and ongoing military uses.

E) The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed, and flags have since evolved into a general tool for rudimentary signalling and identification.

 

Answers:

1.       1 – 5 – 4 – 2 – 3

2.       2 – 5 – 4 – 1 – 3 

3.       3 – 5 – 1 – 4 – 2

4.       3 – 2 – 5 – 4 – 1

5.       4 – 3 – 5 – 2 -1

6.       C – E – B – A – D

7.    E – A – C – D – B

8.    D – C – A – E – B

9.    C – E – D – A – B

10. F – E – D – A – B – C

11. C – A – D – E – B

12. D – E – B – A – C

13. D – A – C – B

14.  5 – 4 – 1 – 3 – 2

15. A – C – D – B

16. E – A – B – C- D

17. B-D-A-C

18. B – A- E- D- C

19. D-B-C-A

20. A-E-B-D-C

21. B – C – D – A 

22. B-D-A-C-E 

23. C-B-D-E-A 

24. A-E-D-C-B 

25. B-E-A-D-C